Fundamentals of covenant Law

Law And Order Criminal Intent Cast - Fundamentals of covenant Law

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No matter where you live in North America, you must have seen some humoristic vignettes depicting a not-so-trustworthy Realtor intent at selling a house to some innocent-looking couple. My beloved vignette, which still makes me chuckle today, goes back to a few years ago when I was practicing real estate at United Realty. It involved a Real Estate Agent of Pompeii Realty, folder in hand, in the process of selling a house to an antique Roman consolidate sometimes around 100 Bc . The house is overlooking Mt. Vesuvius. There is a black, threatening, ominous plume of smoke advent out of the top of the volcano, and the Roman consolidate looks somewhat startled when the Real Estate Agent - big smile on his face - delivers the punchline: " Plus, with a view like this what could possibly go wrong" !

What I said. It isn't the actual final outcome that the real about Law And Order Criminal Intent Cast. You read this article for information on an individual wish to know is Law And Order Criminal Intent Cast.

Law And Order Criminal Intent Cast

What is it exactly that you do when you sign a 'contract' . The term 'contract' means a promise or a set of promises made by one person to another, which the Courts will enforce. A ageement can consist of a number of promises or 'terms' to be performed by either party. The person who makes the promise is called the 'promissor' and the person who can levy that promise is called the 'promissee' . If the ageement contains some mutual promises, each party will be both a promissor and a promissee. Contracts of purchase and Sale of land and interests in land usually have lots of mutual promises. Contracts are a crucial part of every company transaction, but not nearly as much as in Real Estate. For instance, some contracts are made verbally while others are made by simply exchanging letters or even e-mails. This is not the case in Real Estate, where it is a requirement at Law that contracts be written down in usually lengthy legal forms to avoid uncertainty, ambiguity and to be binding .

A ageement has seven primary elements:

Offer.

Acceptance.

Consideration

Legal Intent.

Capacity.

Legal Object.

Genuine Consent.

Each of these elements must be present for a ageement to be binding and enforceable. Let's eye them individually.

Offer

An offer is the promise made by one party to another. Save and except in Real Estate where the offer must be in writing, an offer can be made in any form. In all circumstances, however, an offer must be made in clear an unambigous terms. If more than one interpretation can be given to an offer, neither interpretation will be followed by the Courts. There are 'unilateral' and 'bilateral' offers. Offers to purchase real asset are bilateral, i.e. Containing the replacement of mutual promises.

An offer is not made forever. Offers can either be finalized, when all mutual promises are fulfilled. Or they can expire, if not timely accepted. Or they can be released, if one of the parties does not - or cannot - deliver on the promise. Offers can also be revoked after acceptance, unless a term of the offer stipulates that revocation is not allowed.- as it is now the case in British Columbia for offers inspiring land. A 'counter-offer' is simply an offer from the offeree back to the offeror. The legal succeed of a counter-offer is to conclude the traditional offer and substitute the offer of the offeree. What this means in practicality is that if the counter-offer is not accepted, the offeree cannot try to accept the first offer unless it is tendered again by the offeror. This is a point often times neglected in Real Estate, which has caused some tears to be spilled.

Acceptance

The acceptance, like the offer, must be given in clear terms. It must be a confident act. For instance, an offer cannot state "If I don't hear from you, I will assume you have accepted". Doing nothing will never be carefully legal acceptance. The rule at Law is that where an offer is required by statute to be in writing, then also the acceptance must be in writing in order for the offer to come to be a ageement binding on both parties. Such is the case in Real Estate. An acceptance has no succeed until it is communicated to the offeror. Transportation can be made by 'instantaneous means' as in the case of telephone or teletype or fax communications, or e-mail or hand-delivery and by 'non-instantaneous means' such as postal mail. The Law gives the accountability to the offeror to specify how he wants the offer to be accepted. If the offeror chooses a recipe like slow mail, then he assumes the risks involved in that type of aid (such as misdelivery).

Consideration

For an offer and acceptance to form a ageement there must be notice or the ageement must be signed under seal. notice is defined as 'some right, benefit or profit accruing to the promissor or some forebearance, detriment, loss or otherwise accountability suffered by the promissee' . What this means is that the party trying to levy the ageement must have 'paid' something in replacement for the promise of the other party. notice must be of real value, but it does not have to be money. For example, a mutual replacement of promises is notice per se.

Legal Intention

For a person to be bound to a contract, he must seriously intend to create legal obligations. For example, inspiring a guest for supper would usually not be carefully a ageement intended to create legal obligations. The Law presumes that there is legal intention in a ageement inspiring total strangers. On the other hand, if the ageement is between house members the Law presumes that there is no intention to be so bound (non arm-length transaction). However, this presumption can be reversed if there is evidence to show otherwise.

Capacity

Even when all the foregoing primary elements exist, a ageement can still be void, voidable or illegal. A void ageement is one which is deemed at Law never to have existed. A voidable ageement is slightly different: it exists until it is repudiated by one of the parties. An illegal ageement is one which is made for an illegal purpose, and which is therefore always void. Examples of voidable contracts are the ones made when one of the parties is an infant, i.e. A minor or under the majority age. In this case the ageement can be voided by the infant. Likewise, when one of the parties is legally insane, the ageement is voidable. A special case is a ageement stipulated when one of the parties is a small company or corporation. Three questions must be first answered before the ageement can be enforceable: 1) either the corporation does in fact exist and 2) either it has the capacity to enter into the ageement and 3) either the person signing on profit of the corporation is, in fact, the authorized signatory.

Legal Object

Quite aside from blatantly illegal contracts such as, for examples, contracts to commit a crime or tort until recently here in British Columbia confident other types of contracts where carefully illegal. For example, until the mid-80's contracts inspiring the sale of land made on a Sunday were deemed to be a contravention of s.4 of the Lord's Day Act(now repealed) and, thus, illegal and void. Since then, the consummate Court of Canada has ruled that the application of s.4 - in fact the whole Lord's Day Act - is unconstitutional in that it infringes on the freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed by the Canadian hire of ownership and Freedom.

Genuine Consent

If one of the parties makes a misrepresentation or if the ageement contains an potential mistake, the ageement may still not be binding. A misrepresentation is, by definition, a statement which is false and which must have induced one of the parties to enter into the contract. A misrepresentation can be innocent, negligent or fraudulent and distinct remedies are available to the party suffering damages because of the nature of the misrepresentation. If the representation is innocent, the party can sue for rescission of the contract. In the case of negligent or fraudulent misrepresentation, the affected party can sue for damages as well. Although misrepresentation requires a statement to be made, in Real Estate silence too can succeed in some form of misrepresentation. Disclosure of latent defects is one such example: failure to disclose latent defects on the part of the seeder will not, by itself, affect the consent of the parties but will have similar consequences as misrepresentation.

In the case of potential mistake, true consent of the parties does not exist. The logic behind this understanding is that the parties were negotiating for a branch matter other than the one stipulated in the contract. A definite type of mistake is sometimes referred to as 'non est factum' , Latin for 'this is not my deed' . This occurs when a person executes one form of document thinking the document is something else. Duress and undue affect both affect the genuine consent element of a contract. Duress occurs when a person is forced to enter into the ageement against his will. As a result, the Courts will find the ageement voidable at his option. Undue influence, on the other hand, is more subtle. Like duress it results in one party losing his free will to ageement out. Any way it occurs more often when a person is in a superior or dominant position in relation to someone else and uses this influential position to induce the other to enter into the contract. Again, if undue affect is found, the ageement is voidable at the choice of the innocent party.

Luigi Frascati

luigi@dccnet.com

http://www.luigifrascati.com
Real Estate Chronicle

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